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OVERVIEW
Bitcoin’s meteoric rise has made MicroStrategy one of the hottest stocks of 2024. On November 21, Citron Research, a renowned short-selling firm, announced its short position on MicroStrategy (MSTR). This pits one of Wall Street’s legendary short sellers against the most successful stock of the year. Will Citron face another loss?
Table of Contents
Citron Research's History of Short Selling
Citron Research, founded in 2001, has long been a formidable player in the short-selling arena. Known for its sharp reports, Citron has historically targeted various companies with spectacular success. For example:
- China Concept Stocks: Between 2001 and 2006, Citron attacked 20 Chinese stocks, causing 15 to drop over 80% and forcing 7 to delist.
- Evergrande: In 2012, Citron published a report predicting Evergrande’s collapse, which was later proven accurate when the company imploded.
- GameStop Saga: Citron’s infamous attempt to short GameStop (GME) in 2021 backfired, as retail traders rallied to squeeze short sellers. GME’s stock skyrocketed from $19.95 to a peak of $483, leading to Citron losing 100% on its position.
- Ethereum Short in 2022: Citron also shorted Ethereum (ETH) when its market cap was $130 billion. Ethereum’s value tripled, marking yet another failed short.
Despite declaring an end to its short-selling focus after the GameStop fiasco, Citron has continued to bet against companies, with MicroStrategy being its latest target.
MicroStrategy: The Bitcoin-Focused Powerhouse
MicroStrategy, founded in 1989 by Michael Saylor, Sanju Bansal, and Thomas Spahr, initially operated as a data analytics firm. However, the company has dramatically shifted its focus since 2020, using corporate funds to invest heavily in Bitcoin (BTC). MicroStrategy has since become the largest public Bitcoin holder, with its holdings exceeding 21,000 BTC.
The company operates on a “Bitcoin flywheel” strategy:
- Buy Bitcoin: MicroStrategy uses equity and debt financing to purchase Bitcoin.
- Drive Stock Price: Bitcoin’s price increases boost MicroStrategy’s stock value.
- Leverage the Momentum: The company raises more capital to buy additional Bitcoin.
This cycle repeats, driving both Bitcoin prices and MicroStrategy’s stock higher. However, this model also introduces substantial risks, as it hinges on Bitcoin’s continued appreciation.
Citron’s Argument for Shorting MicroStrategy
Citron outlined its rationale for shorting MSTR in a November 21 tweet:
- Overvaluation: MSTR’s valuation has become disconnected from Bitcoin fundamentals, with a 300% premium on its Bitcoin holdings.
- Market Accessibility: With Bitcoin ETFs now available, direct Bitcoin investments are easier, reducing MSTR’s appeal as a proxy for Bitcoin.
- Respect for Saylor: While praising Michael Saylor’s vision, Citron argued that the current valuation was unsustainable.
Citron is not the first firm to propose this strategy. Earlier this year, Kerrisdale Capital Management suggested shorting MSTR to hedge Bitcoin exposure.
The Case for Supporting MicroStrategy
MicroStrategy also has its advocates, who argue for the company’s resilience:
- Strong Safety Margin: MicroStrategy’s average Bitcoin cost is $49,874, and current prices provide almost 100% unrealized profit.
- No Forced Liquidation Risk: The company’s debt is off-market with no margin calls, and its earliest debt maturity is in 2027.
- Strategic Borrowing: Even in worst-case scenarios, debt holders can convert bonds into MSTR stock, limiting default risks.
- Bitcoin’s Long-Term Potential: As Bitcoin gains broader acceptance, its value could rise, further benefiting MicroStrategy.
These factors provide MicroStrategy with a robust financial cushion, making immediate risks less pressing.
Risks and Outlook
Despite its strengths, MicroStrategy faces potential challenges:
- Valuation Bubble: MSTR’s 300% premium on its Bitcoin holdings may not be sustainable.
- Bitcoin Volatility: Any significant downturn in Bitcoin prices could negatively impact MSTR’s stock.
- Market Evolution: The launch of Bitcoin ETFs diminishes MSTR’s uniqueness as a Bitcoin investment vehicle.
Still, its strategic positioning and financial flexibility may allow MicroStrategy to navigate these headwinds.
Summarizing
The showdown between Citron and MicroStrategy is shaping up to be a defining moment in the market. While Citron’s concerns about valuation and market trends are valid, MicroStrategy’s strong financial base and Bitcoin-focused strategy remain compelling.
Ultimately, the outcome may hinge on Bitcoin’s future performance. For now, this battle between a legendary short seller and a Bitcoin juggernaut offers a fascinating glimpse into the ever-evolving financial markets.
FAQs on Shorting MicroStrategy
Why is Citron Research shorting MicroStrategy (MSTR)?
Citron believes that MSTR’s valuation has become overly inflated, with the stock trading at a 300% premium to the value of its Bitcoin holdings. Citron also argues that the increasing availability of Bitcoin ETFs makes investing in Bitcoin easier, reducing MSTR’s uniqueness as a proxy for Bitcoin investments. While respecting Michael Saylor’s vision, Citron sees the current stock price as disconnected from fundamentals.
How does MicroStrategy benefit from Bitcoin's price increases?
MicroStrategy operates a “Bitcoin flywheel” strategy:
- The company raises funds through equity and debt.
- It uses these funds to buy Bitcoin, which increases its Bitcoin holdings.
- Rising Bitcoin prices lead to an increase in MicroStrategy’s stock value, enabling further fundraising and Bitcoin purchases.
This cycle amplifies both MicroStrategy’s Bitcoin holdings and its stock price, but it heavily relies on Bitcoin’s continued appreciation.
What are the risks of investing in MicroStrategy?
The primary risks include:
- Overvaluation: MSTR’s current premium over its Bitcoin holdings may not be sustainable.
- Bitcoin Volatility: MicroStrategy’s stock is highly correlated with Bitcoin prices, exposing it to significant risks if Bitcoin prices drop.
- Market Shifts: The availability of Bitcoin ETFs may reduce MicroStrategy’s appeal as a vehicle for Bitcoin exposure.
However, MicroStrategy’s robust financial strategies and long debt maturities mitigate some of these risks in the near term.
